I know a little. I was an insurance company exec in a former life. Your HO policy has an automatic coverage extension for detached structures; the amount is a percentage of the main dwelling coverage and varies by company and type of policy, i.e., a standard fire policy will have a lower coverage extension than a package policy. Most HO policies are package policies.
The presence or absence of a building permit does not negate coverage but it will impact the amount you can recover in case of loss. If, for instance, you have replacement cost coverage and want to invoke that, you will have to replace or repair the damages under current building codes. If you don't invoke replacement cost, the insurance company will depreciate the structure based on its age, materials used, and workmanship, and you may come in at under your deductible.
Look at the declarations page on your last renewal notice. It will show the amount of coverage for 'outbuildings' or 'detached structures'. That's the amount available, in theory, to replace or repair anything that's not physically attached to the main dwelling. If you have a deck attached to the house and the pool is connected to the deck, then all of this is considered the main dwelling. Make sure the amount of coverage is appropriate for what you have.
Most insurance companies require that a pool is fenced or that the property containing the pool is fenced, and that the gate has a locking mechanism. While this may not be spelled out in the contract per se you will have received an endorsement with one of your renewal notices which amends the contract. Insurance companies tend to slip these things in and they always limit your coverage.
However, swimming pools are an 'attractive nuisance' which present an absolute liability. Fenced or not, if you have a serious bodily injury to a third party (not a resident of the premises) your liability coverage will pay. They'll try to deny and they'll give you grief but they will have to pay.
Hope this helps.
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