It's not a formula, but whether substances have a lower energy (actually Gibbs function aka free energy which is a combination of enthalpy or heat of reaction and entropy) being mixed (dissolved in one another at specific concentrations) vs. being separate phases. Muriatic Acid is Hydrochloric Acid in water already -- it's 31.45% Hydrochloric Acid with the rest water and does not separate. When you dilute it further in water it still does not separate. It is fully miscible. Hydrochloric Acid is what is known as a strong acid so it completely dissociates into hydrogen ions and chloride ions in water.
If you do a Google search on "hydrochloric acid solubility in water" you will find many sources that describe its high solubility.
Richard

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